The fire alarm system operates based on the principles of detecting smoke, heat, and flame. When sensors identify signs of fire or explosion, a signal is sent to the fire alarm control panel. Here, the information is analyzed, and alarm devices are activated to warn everyone of the danger, giving them time to evacuate and call the fire department. This operating principle allows the fire alarm system to detect and prevent fires early and effectively.

- The smoke detection mechanism is one of the most common methods in fire alarm systems. Smoke detectors operate based on detecting smoke particles in the air. There are two main types of smoke detectors: photoelectric and ionization. A photoelectric smoke detector uses a light beam or laser projected through the air; when smoke is present, the light is scattered, and the sensor identifies this change to trigger the alarm. An ionization smoke detector uses radioactive material to ionize the air within a chamber; when smoke enters, the ionization process is disrupted, leading to the activation of the alert. Both types are highly effective in the early detection of fire signs. Smoke detectors must be properly installed and periodically tested to ensure stable and accurate operation.

- The heat detection mechanism is another method in fire systems, utilizing heat detectors to identify sudden increases in temperature within a space. Heat detectors are commonly used in environments where smoke detectors might be ineffective, such as kitchens or industrial plants with high levels of smoke or dust. When the temperature exceeds a certain threshold, the heat detector triggers an alarm. There are two common types of heat detectors: fixed-temperature heat detectors, which activate at a set temperature, and rate-of-rise heat detectors, which activate when the temperature increases rapidly within a short period of time. This mechanism helps to quickly detect high-temperature fires, ensuring the safety of the structure. Selecting and correctly installing the appropriate type of heat detector is also crucial to ensuring the effectiveness of fire and explosion detection.

- The flame detection mechanism in fire alarm systems typically utilizes flame detectors, devices designed to recognize the light emitted by a flame. Flame detectors can detect different types of light, including visible light, ultraviolet (UV), and infrared (IR) radiation. When a fire occurs, the flame detector detects the light from the flame and sends a signal to the control panel to trigger an alarm. Flame detectors have the advantage of responding quickly and being effective in detecting fires right from their initial outbreak. This is particularly useful in large areas or places with a high risk of fire and explosion. Flame detectors need to be installed in strategic positions and inspected periodically to ensure stable operation and effectiveness in fire and explosion detection and warning.

Common types of fire alarm systems today

- Automatic fire alarm systems are a type of system capable of detecting and alerting to fire and explosion automatically without human intervention. This system typically includes smoke detectors, heat detectors, flame detectors, and other sensing devices. When there are signs of fire or explosion, the sensors detect them and send signals to the control panel, which then activates alarm devices to provide warning. Automatic fire alarm systems provide a high level of safety, helping to detect and prevent fire and explosion in a timely and effective manner. This is particularly important in large buildings, industrial zones, and areas with a high risk of fire and explosion. The installation of an automatic fire alarm system also helps minimize loss of life and property, while ensuring compliance with fire safety regulations.

- A manual fire alarm system is a type of system that requires users to activate alarm devices upon detecting a fire or explosion. This system is typically equipped with fire alarm push buttons, manual call points, and other warning devices. When a fire occurs, the user presses the button or activates the call point to send a signal to the control panel and trigger the alarm. Manual fire alarm systems are suitable for small areas where there is high foot traffic and easy access to fire alarm devices. Although not as automated as an automatic fire alarm system, the manual system still plays an important role in ensuring fire safety. Proper installation and periodic testing of manual fire alarm devices are key factors in ensuring the system operates effectively and reliably.

- A hybrid fire alarm system is a blend of automatic and manual fire alarm systems, providing high reliability and flexibility in detecting and alerting to fire and explosion. This system typically includes smoke detectors, heat detectors, and flame detectors, along with fire alarm push buttons and manual call points. Upon detecting a fire or explosion, the system will automatically trigger the alarm while also allowing users to manually activate it when necessary. Hybrid fire alarm systems are particularly useful in large, complex, and crowded areas, ensuring that every sign of fire or explosion is detected and warned in a timely and accurate manner. This system helps enhance fire prevention and fighting effectiveness, while providing peace of mind and comprehensive protection for users and property.

Chau Duy Phat